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AAUSAT3 in details
AAUSAT3 in details under construction
Thanks to Herbert J. Kramer for this description ESA portal AAUSAT3 description
Homepage for all AAUs student satellites is http://space.aau.dk
AAUSAT3 is - in our own humble opinion - a complicated system
AAUSAT3 is the third student-developed CubeSat from the Department of Electronic Systems at Aalborg University (AAU), Aalborg, Denmark. The satellite is the successor to AAUSAT-II which was launched in April 2008 and is still operational to some extent in 2011.
The AAUSAT3 educational project was initiated in the fall of 2007 - introducing students to all aspects of satellite design and development. The objective of the AAUSAT3 mission is to fly two different types of AIS (Automated Identifications System) receivers. One of the AIS receivers onboard AAUSAT3 is an SDR (Software Defined Radio) based AIS receiver. The other AIS receiver is a conventional hardware receiver. The goal of AAUSAT3 is to investigate the quality of ship monitoring from space.
The project is funded mainly by Aalborg University and by DaMSA (Danish Maritime Safety Administration), along with other sponsors. DaMSA is particularly interested in the performance of the prototype SDR AIS receiver collecting AIS signals from ships in the vicinity of Greenland. (ref: 1,2,3,4,5)
First test on balloon from Esrange - Sweden
The satellite prototype was tested on a stratospheric balloon flight in October 2009 as part the BEXUS (Balloon Experiments for University Students) program, which allows European students to test scientific experiments in high altitude conditions. The balloon test served as an excellent opportunity to test the AIS receivers with an extended field of view (FOV) and to acquire realistic samples for further development of the final payload receivers. The payload on BEXUS was called NAVIS (North Atlantic Vessel Identification System).
The flight lasted 3 hours in 24 km of height and outcome was more than anticipated. (ref 6)
AAUSAT3 is designed to be a highly modular and distributed design, with strictly defined subsystem interfaces and tasks. Compared to its predecessor AAUSat-2, which is a monolithic system based on a centralized OBC (On-Board Computer), this presents a number of advantages, most importantly the parallel development and testing of the subsystems. 7)
In a distributed system, it is a common approach to have a flight planner (FP) functionality for controlling experiments and payloads. To make this fail save, all subsystems must be able to operate in their basic modes. The EPS (Electrical Power Subsystem) is the primary subsystem and is in charge of switching on subsystems in accordance with available power and a pre-designated plan of operations; the activated subsystems will carry out the predefined operations.
The following subsystems are recognized on AAUSAT3; their sequence identifies also their functional ranking: EPS, COM, ADCS, AIS1 (standard) and AIS2 (SRD based), FP, LOG (logging system). EPS must be available continuously while all other subsystems operate on request.
The three subsystems EPS, COM and ADCS are by nature closely coupled with their associated input/output hardware (batteries, solar cells, radio HW and antennas, magnetorquers and sensors). To achieve a high level of integrity each subsystem resides on its own PCB (Printed Circuit Board); hence, they can carry out the designated default operations even in critical situations. In AAUSAT3, EPS, COM, ADCS and AIS2 are integrated on their own hardware. AAUSat3_Auto7
Figure 2: Illustration of the AAUSAT3 structure (image credit: AAU) AAUSat3_Auto6
Figure 3: Overview of subsystems within the AAUSat3 mission (image credit: AAU)
ADCS (Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem): The ADCS provides 3-axis stabilization using magnetorquers as actuators. Attitude and angular rate sensing is provided by magnetometers and gyroscopes, respectively. ADCS is powered by the 32-bit ARM microprocessor. 8) AAUSat3_Auto5
Figure 4: Block diagram of the ADCS (image credit: AAU)
Internal communication is provided by a CAN (Controller Area Network) bus using the network-layer CSP (CubeSat Space Protocol). The CSP was originally developed for use in AAUSAT3, but is now jointly maintained by the AAUSAT3 students and involved persons from the open source community. The protocol allows subsystem programmers to use socket-like communication between subsystems by assigning addresses to subsystems and ports to available services, hence hosting services to reply to requests. All subsystems except AIS2 are based on Atmel AVR8 microcontrollers. 9)
EPS (Electrical Power Subsystem): Face-mounted solar cells are used to provide on orbit power. A Lithium-ion battery (8.2 V, 2200 mAh) is chosen for power storage and distribution; power bus: 3.3 V and 5 V regulated. AAUSat3_Auto4
Figure 5: Block diagram of EPS (image credit: AAU)
RF communications (also referred to as COM): Use of UHF band communications between the spacecraft and the ground station with FEC (Forward Error Corrective) protocols. The COM subsystem is implemented as a transparent routing device. This feature permits all subsystems to initiate their own ground communication, and it provides the ability to directly receive data from the ground. Hence, for the operation of a given subsystem, only EPS and COM are needed.
• 162 MHz “uplink” for the AIS payload
• 437 MHz uplink/downlink for S/C communication
• Radiolink Viterbi and Reed Solomon encoding.
The use of a high performance narrow-band transceiver of Analog Devices, ADF 7021, is providing a half duplex solution. AAUSat3_Auto3
Figure 6: Simplified block diagram of the ADF 7021 transceiver (image credit: AAU)
Launch: A launch of AAUSAT3 is a secondary payload scheduled for Q2 2012 from SDSC-SHAR (Sriharikota, India) on the PSLV-C20 launcher of ISRO. The primary payload on this flight is the SARAL minisatellite of ISRO and CNES.
Secondary payloads manifested on this flight are:
• BRITE-Austria (CanX-3b) and UniBRITE (CanX-3a), both of Austria. UniBRITE and BRiTE-Austria are part of the BRITE Constellation, short for "BRIght-star Target Explorer Constellation", a group of 6.5 kg, 20 cm x 20 cm x 20 cm nanosatellites who purpose is to photometrically measure low-level oscillations and temperature variations in the sky's 286 stars brighter than visual magnitude 3.5.
• Max Valier nanosatellite of GOB (Gewerbeoberschule Bozen), Bolzano, Italy. The nanosatellite has a mass of ~ 12 kg. The primary payload features a miniature X-ray telescope for astronomical observations.
• Sapphire (Space Surveillance Mission of Canada), a minisatellite with a mass of 150 kg.
• NEOSSat (Near-Earth Object Surveillance Satellite), a microsatellite of Canada with a mass of ~80 kg.
• AAUSAT3 (Aalborg University AAUSAT3), a student-developed nanosatellite (1U CubeSat) of AAU, Aalborg, Denmark. The project is sponsored by DaMSA (Danish Maritime Safety Organisation).
Orbit: Sun-synchronous near-circular dawn-dusk orbit, altitude of ~800 km, inclination of 98.55º, orbital period of 100.6 minutes, LTAN (Local Time on Ascending Node) = 6:00 hours.
Sensor complement (AIS1, AIS2)
Background: The AIS system operates in the VHF maritime band on two channels around 162 MHz which is reserved for the AIS communication purpose worldwide. The AIS transponders are developed to transmit either in high or low power mode according to the AIS transceiver Class (A or B).
To be able to meet the requirements on high broadcast rates and ensure a reliable and robust operation as is described in the AIS standard, the channels are shared by using the TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) modulation scheme. However, when using TDMA it needs to be synchronized. At open sea, it is not desirable to be dependent on a master to determine when other ships are allowed to broadcast in the TDMA scheme. Therefore, the AIS system uses the SO-TDMA (Self Organizing TDMA) scheme (also written as SOTDMA) and uses the UTC time standard, as a reference for synchronizing TDMA.
The AIS system decides which slots to use, depending on received transmissions from other AIS transponders. Furthermore, radio frequency discrimination is used by the AIS system to shrink the TDMA zone. This is done to suppress weak signals from distant ships in favor of receiving strong nearby transmissions. To ensure correct communication in the AIS system, the TDMA zones are intended to be 20 to 200 nautical miles.
Compared to a standard terrestrial AIS receiver, there are a number of issues, which need to be taken into account, when talking about receiving AIS messages from space. These include the Doppler shifting of the transmission, the extended FOV (Field of View) of the satellite and the lower signal strength of the AIS signal once it reaches the satellite.
Payload: The main payload is comprised of two AIS receivers based on two different receiver structures and demodulation methods. These are used for testing how different solutions will react to the extended FOV and to evaluate the two solutions for further development of AIS receives for the final satellite. The AIS1 subsystem performs demodulation of the signals with a commercial radio frontend and processes a serial output to decode the AIS messages. AIS2 is a software based receiver, that samples a down converted intermediate frequency output and stores it for later processing.
Since the two AIS receivers are completely independent, the probability of success is increased even if one of the subsystems should malfunction during the flight. However, they share a common VHF antenna and LNA (Low Noise Amplifier).
AIS1 (Automated Identifications System 1):
AIS1 is a hardware receiver based on the Analog Devices ADF 7021 radio transceiver. The transceiver demodulates the radio signals from one of the two AIS channels to a 9.6 kbit/s data stream. This is connected using a SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) to an Atmel AVR micro controller that processes and decodes the data. The received AIS messages are decoded and messages with both correct and incorrect FCS (Frame Check Sequence) and stored on permanent storage for later analysis.
AIS channel 1 (AIS1)
161.975 MHz
AIS channel 2 (AIS2)
162.025 MHz
Modulation scheme
GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying)
Carrier frequency error
±500 Hz
Transmit output power
12.5 W
Modulation index
~ 0.5
Transmit BT product
~ 0.4 min
Receive BT product
~ 0.5 max
Bit rate
9600 bit/s
Maximum bit rate deviation
50 ppm
Training sequence
24 bit
Table 1: AIS physical layer specification AAUSat3_Auto2
Figure 7: Block diagram of AIS1 (image credit: AAU)
AIS1 features:
• LNA (Low Noise Amplifier)
- Around +15dB
- Includes SAW filter
• Radio chip
- Analog Devices ADF 7021
- Advantage: SPI compatible bitstream output.
AIS2 (Automated Identifications System 2):
Hardware design: AIS2 is an SDR (Software Defined Radio) system based on a DSP module from Bluetechnix. The module populates a Blackfin 16 bit fixed point DSP (Digital Signal Processor) from Analog Devices and RAM/Flash for basic operations. AIS reception is enabled by a radio frontend and an ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) sampling the IF (Intermediate Frequency), and demodulation in software on the DSP. Furthermore, AIS2 has a SD (Secure Digital) memory card for mass storage. The developed board has two external 16 MB Nor Flash IC’s, a CAN bus 2.0 interface and a RS232 serial port for interfacing. A block diagram of the setup is shown in Figure 8 and a photo of the finished board can be seen in Figure 9. AAUSat3_Auto1
Figure 8: Block diagram of AIS2, the software defined radio (image credit: AAU)
AIS2 features:
• LNA (Low Noise Amplifier)
- Around +15dB
- Includes SAW filter
• RF front-end
- Analog Devices ADF 7020
- Advantage: I/Q at 200 kHz IF
• ADC (Analog Digital Converter)
- Analog Devices AD 7262
- Capable of 1 Msample/s.
• AIS sensitivity better than -114 dBm. AAUSat3_Auto0
Figure 9: The finished SDR AIS2 hardware design (image credit: AAU)
Legend to Figure 9: The gray scale part of the board is a traditional hardware based AIS receiver, used as a reference.
Software design: The receiver is running the µClinux operating system for basic multitasking, and the following kernel space drivers are optimized for performance: The SPORT (synchronous high-speed serial port) has been updated to support the serial interface to the ADC. The DMA (Direct Memory Access) engine and memory has been improved to manage the data input FIFO without software overhead. The DSP algorithm is using internal data and instruction cache to reduce load on the SDRAM, by the design of a buffering system that allows processing of data in chunks, reducing the algorithm overhead.
The AIS2 SDR receiver has been built and tested on the ground and in a stratospheric balloon flight. The receiver has a size of ~ 40 cm2, and it uses ~ 1 W at peak power.
The antenna system onboard the AAUSAT3 satellite for reception of AIS signals consists of a single dipole antenna pointing towards Earth, which results in a link margin of 14.5 dB to 8.5 dB for a class A transponder with a range of 1000 to 2000 km. Since a class B transponder transmits with 7 dB less power, the link margin will correspondingly be 7 dB lower for reception of class B transponders.
1) Jesper A. Larsen, Hans Peter Mortensen, Jens D. Nielsen, “An SDR based AIS Receiver for Satellites,” Proceedings of RAST 2011 (Recent Advances in Space Technologies) Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, June 9-11, 2011
2) http://www.space.aau.dk/aausat3/
3) Jens F. Dalsgaard Nielsen, Dan D. V. Bhanderi, “The Engineering Space Workforce of Tomorrow - The Integrated Space Engineer,” URL: http://bhanderi.dk/research/publications/nielsen_space_workforce.pdf
4) Jesper A. Larsen, Jens D. Nielsen, “Development of Cubesats in an Educational Context,” Proceedings of RAST 2011 (Recent Advances in Space Technologies) Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, June 9-11, 2011
5) Information provided by Jens Frederik Dalsgaard Nielsen of AAU, Aalborg, Denmark.
6) Hans Peter Mortensen, Ulrik Wilken Rasmussen, Nikolaj Bisgaard Pedersen, Jesper A. Larsen, Jens Fredrik Dalsgaard Nielsen, “NAVIS: Performance Evaluation of the AAUSat3 CubeSat Using Stratospheric Balloon Flight,” Proceedings of the 61st IAC (International Astronautical Congress), Prague, Czech Republic, Sept. 27-Oct. 1, 2010, IAC-10.E2.3.5, URL: http://vbn.aau.dk/files/52851448/paper.pdf
7) Jens Dalsgaard Nielsen, Jesper A Larsen, “A Decentralized Design Philosophy for Satellites,” Proceedings of RAST 2011 (Recent Advances in Space Technologies) Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, June 9-11, 2011
8) Jesper E. Pedersen, Søren T. Hede, Claus T. B. Pedersen, Henrik Dalsager, “AAUSAT3, Attitude and Determination Control System,” June 2008, URL: http://zcuba.dk/reports/08gr633.pdf
9) Johann Andrieu, Chakib Nacer El Haouzia, Jens Dalsgaard Nielsen, “Design and Development of QOS Policy for AAUSat3 Communication Protocol,” Spring 2010, URL: http://vbn.aau.dk/files/32880301/10gr872-%20Design%20and%20Development%20of%20QoS%20Policy.pdf
As seen on the figure AAUSAT3 consist of eight subsystems. The subsystems are deployed on a number of independent micro-controllers.
The subsystems are all attached to a 500 kbit/sec CANBUS running our own open source CSP (Cubesat Space pPotocol) which was developed as a part of AAUSAT3.
The link between AAUSAT3 and the ground segment is also CSP based on top of a forward error corrective protocol(Viterbi + RS) - also developed for AAUSAT3.
The link can be operated at 1200/2400/4800 or 9600 baud.
The ground segment consists of a GND interface, A Mission Control Center(MCS) and a number of Mission Control Clients. There is no restrictions of location of the clients as long as there is Internet link to MCS